Design Principles and Criteria

Spitzer, P., Höper, J., Gröger, M., & Heck, V. (2026). Glaciers as Classrooms: Designing an Outdoor Lab as a Learning Space on Ice. Journal of Science Communication, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.22323/165620251230125923

Design Principles and Design Criteria

Design Principle

Design Criteria

Authenticity and relevance

Learning content is grounded in real-world phenomena from glacier environments.

 

Experiments and activities are informed by current research in Alpine and Arctic regions.

Multimodality and immersion

The experiments will be made available on a digital learning platform that also enables a glacier experience with the help of 360° images.

 

Experiments are available in both physical and virtual formats.

Student-centered participation

Content development is guided by students’ prior knowledge and questions.

 

Student feedback is systematically used to refine experiments and instructions.

Accessibility and adaptability

Materials are usable both on-site (glacier) and in classrooms.

Interdisciplinary integration

Content integrates concepts from geography, biology, chemistry, and physics.

 

Materials are co-developed with experts from multiple academic disciplines.

Inquiry-based and reflective learning

Experiments follow fundamental scientific procedures, such as observation, measurement, and analysis.

Learning activities encourage reflection on scientific processes and outcomes.

Key Phenomena

General Topic

Phenomena

Experiment/Content

Understanding the glacier

Glacier Movement

Model experiment on crevasse formation using kinetic sand

 

Glacier Ice

Observation of ice layers during a visit to the “Ice Palace”

 

Shaping of the landscape by the glacier

 

 

Analysis of glacier water

Measuring conductivity of snow, glacier water, and tap water

Glacier landscapes

Adaptations of alpine plants

Investigation of Saxifraga paniculata and its calcareous glands

 

Karst landscape on Dachstein

Water absorption in karst (limestone) terrain

 

Color variations in rocks

Simple ion detection to analyze rock color differences

Alpine phenomena

Dark surface layers on ice

Collection and analysis of cryoconite

 

 

Albedo measurements using a light meter

 

Edge gap to the Dachstein

Thermal imaging of surface temperature variations

 

 

Measuring the albedo with the light meter

Phenomena that affect me on the mountain

Boiling point at altitude

Comparing the boiling point of water at the glacier and in the valley

 

Pressure changes in a cable car

Measuring air pressure changes with a smartphone

 

 

PET bottle experiment demonstrating pressure variation during descent

Alpine and Polar Research

Acid mine drainage

 

 

Heavy metal contamination in meltwater

 

Future Lab

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Glaciers as CO2-Sink

 

 

CCS through chemical weathering processes